Breakthroughs in microscope technology and
energy-efficient lighting are amongst the scientific advances recognised by
this year’s Nobel prizes. Here’s our breakdown of the 2014 winners in the
sciences of physics, chemistry, medicine and economics.
The
Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isamu
Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, for the invention of the blue light emitting
diode (LED). LEDs are simple semiconductors that produce coloured light when
electricity is passed through them. Red LEDs were developed in the early 1960s,
and other colours, including green, orange and yellow, soon followed. However,
blue LEDs proved more difficult to achieve – and without blue, scientists didn’t
have all the colours needed to produce white light (i.e. the seemingly
colourless light given off by the Sun and traditional incandescent light bulbs).
Today, thanks to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura’s work, LEDs can be used to light
homes and businesses, using a fraction of the energy of other types of lighting.
The
Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric
Betzig, Stefan Hell and William Moerner, for their contributions to the field
of microscopy. For a long time, it was assumed that optical microscopes had an
inherent limitation: that no matter how far the technology advanced, they would
never be able to observe anything smaller than 0.2 micrometres (for comparison,
the thickness of a human hair is around 45 micrometres). Working separately,
Hell, Betzig and Moerner challenged this preconception by developing two
methods for imaging things on a nanoscopic scale – thousands of times smaller
than the supposed limit. These techniques have enabled researchers to see inside
living cells, revealing new details about how the human body functions.
The
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded
to John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser, for their roles in the
discovery of the brain’s positioning system – the network of specialised brain cells
used for spatial navigation. It’s hoped that further study of these cells will
help us better understand how the brain maps its surroundings and forms
memories.
The
Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Jean
Tirole, credited as “one of the most influential economists of our time” and
recognised for his research into the regulation of monopolies, mergers and
other powerful market forces. His theories and analyses have informed
policymakers around the world, and have been applied to industries ranging from
banking to telecommunications.
In recognition of this year’s physics prizewinners,
watch Diodes and Transistors to learn more about LEDs.
